AIX 5.[123]
	Apple Darwin 7.x and 8.x for Power Macintosh systems
	BSDI BSD/OS 4.3.1 for x86-based systems
	FreeBSD 4.x, 4.1x, 5.x and [67].x for x86-based systems
	FreeBSD 5.x and [67].x for Alpha, AMD64 and Sparc64-based
	    systems
	HP-UX 11.00, 11.11 and 11.23
	Linux 2.1.72 and above for x86-based systems
	NetBSD 1.[456], 2.x and 3.x for Alpha, x86, and SPARC-based
	    systems
	NEXTSTEP 3.[13] for NEXTSTEP architectures
	OpenBSD 2.[89] and 3.[01234567] for x86-based systems
	OPENSTEP 4.x
	SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6 for x86-based systems
	SCO|Caldera UnixWare 7.1.4 for x86-based systems
	Solaris 2.6, 8, 9 and 10
	Tru64 UNIX 5.1

-? -h

These two equivalent options select a usage (help) output list. Lsof displays a shortened form of this output when it detects an error in the options supplied to it, after it has displayed messages explaining each error. (Escape the `?' character as your shell requires.)

-a

This option causes list selection options to be ANDed, as described above.

-A A

This option is available on systems configured for AFS whose AFS kernel code is implemented via dynamic modules. It allows the lsof user to specify A as an alternate name list file where the kernel addresses of the dynamic modules might be found. See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information about dynamic modules, their symbols, and how they affect lsof .

-b

This option causes lsof to avoid kernel functions that might block - lstat(2) , readlink(2) , and stat(2) . See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS and AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS sections for information on using this option.

-c c

This option selects the listing of files for processes executing the command that begins with the characters of c . Multiple commands may be specified, using multiple -c options. They are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection. If c begins and ends with a slash ('/'), the characters between the slashes is interpreted as a regular expression. Shell meta-characters in the regular expression must be quoted to prevent their interpretation by the shell. The closing slash may be followed by these modifiers:

	b	the regular expression is a basic one.

	i	ignore the case of letters.

	x	the regular expression is an extended one

		(default).

See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information on basic and extended regular expressions. The simple command specification is tested first. If that test fails, the command regular expression is applied. If the simple command test succeeds, the command regular expression test isn't made. This may result in ``no command found for regex:'' messages when lsof's -V option is specified.

+c w

This option defines the maximum number of initial characters of the name, supplied by the UNIX dialect, of the UNIX command associated with a process to be printed in the COMMAND column. (The lsof default is nine.) Note that many UNIX dialects do not supply all command name characters to lsof in the files and structures from which lsof obtains command name. Often dialects limit the number of characters supplied in those sources. For example, Linux 2.4.27 and Solaris 9 both limit command name length to 16 characters. If w is zero ('0'), all command characters supplied to lsof by the UNIX dialect will be printed. If w is less than the length of the column title, ``COMMAND'', it will be raised to that length.

-C

This option disables the reporting of any path name components from the kernel's name cache. See the KERNEL NAME CACHE section for more information.

+d s

This option causes lsof to search for all open instances of directory s and the files and directories it contains at its top level. This option does NOT descend the directory tree, rooted at s . The +D D option may be used to request a full-descent directory tree search, rooted at directory D . Processing of the +d option does not follow symbolic links within s unless the -x or -x l option is also specified. Nor does it search for open files on file system mount points on subdirectories of s unless the -x or -x f option is also specified. Note: the authority of the user of this option limits it to searching for files that the user has permission to examine with the system stat(2) function.

-d s

This option specifies a list of file descriptors (FDs) to exclude from or include in the output listing. The file descriptors are specified in the comma-separated set s - e.g., ``cwd,1,3'', ``^6,^2''. (There should be no spaces in the set.) The list is an exclusion list if all entries of the set begin with '^'. It is an inclusion list if no entry begins with '^'. Mixed lists are not permitted. A file descriptor number range may be in the set as long as neither member is empty, both members are numbers, and the ending member is larger than the starting one - e.g., ``0-7'' or ``3-10''. Ranges may be specified for exclusion if they have the '^' prefix - e.g., ``^0-7'' excludes all file descriptors 0 through 7. Multiple file descriptor numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection. When there are exclusion and inclusion members in the set, lsof reports them as errors and exits with a non-zero return code. See the description of File Descriptor (FD) output values in the OUTPUT section for more information on file descriptor names.

+D D

This option causes lsof to search for all open instances of directory D and all the files and directories it contains to its complete depth. Processing of the +D option does not follow symbolic links within D unless the -x or -x l option is also specified. Nor does it search for open files on file system mount points on subdirectories of D unless the -x or -x f option is also specified. Note: the authority of the user of this option limits it to searching for files that the user has permission to examine with the system stat(2) function. Further note: lsof may process this option slowly and require a large amount of dynamic memory to do it. This is because it must descend the entire directory tree, rooted at D , calling stat(2) for each file and directory, building a list of all the files it finds, and searching that list for a match with every open file. When directory D is large, these steps can take a long time, so use this option prudently.

-D D

This option directs lsof's use of the device cache file. The use of this option is sometimes restricted. See the DEVICE CACHE FILE section and the sections that follow it for more information on this option. -D must be followed by a function letter; the function letter may optionally be followed by a path name. Lsof recognizes these function letters:

	? - report device cache file paths
	b - build the device cache file
	i - ignore the device cache file
	r - read the device cache file
	u - read and update the device cache file

The b , r , and u functions, accompanied by a path name, are sometimes restricted. When these functions are restricted, they will not appear in the description of the -D option that accompanies -h or -? option output. See the DEVICE CACHE FILE section and the sections that follow it for more information on these functions and when they're restricted. The ? function reports the read-only and write paths that lsof can use for the device cache file, the names of any environment variables whose values lsof will examine when forming the device cache file path, and the format for the personal device cache file path. (Escape the `?' character as your shell requires.) When available, the b , r , and u functions may be followed by the device cache file's path. The standard default is .lsof_hostname in the home directory of the real user ID that executes lsof , but this could have been changed when lsof was configured and compiled. (The output of the -h and -? options show the current default prefix - e.g., ``.lsof''.) The suffix, hostname , is the first component of the host's name returned by gethostname(2) . When available, the b function directs lsof to build a new device cache file at the default or specified path. The i function directs lsof to ignore the default device cache file and obtain its information about devices via direct calls to the kernel. The r function directs lsof to read the device cache at the default or specified path, but prevents it from creating a new device cache file when none exists or the existing one is improperly structured. The r function, when specified without a path name, prevents lsof from updating an incorrect or outdated device cache file, or creating a new one in its place. The r function is always available when it is specified without a path name argument; it may be restricted by the permissions of the lsof process. When available, the u function directs lsof to read the device cache file at the default or specified path, if possible, and to rebuild it, if necessary. This is the default device cache file function when no -D option has been specified.

+|-f [cfgGn]

f by itself clarifies how path name arguments are to be interpreted. When followed by c , f , g , G , or n in any combination it specifies that the listing of kernel file structure information is to be enabled (`+') or inhibited (`-'). Normally a path name argument is taken to be a file system name if it matches a mounted-on directory name reported by mount(8) , or if it represents a block device, named in the mount output and associated with a mounted directory name. When +f is specified, all path name arguments will be taken to be file system names, and lsof will complain if any are not. This can be useful, for example, when the file system name (mounted-on device) isn't a block device. This happens for some CD-ROM file systems. When -f is specified by itself, all path name arguments will be taken to be simple files. Thus, for example, the ``-f -- /'' arguments direct lsof to search for open files with a `/' path name, not all open files in the `/' (root) file system. Be careful to make sure +f and -f are properly terminated and aren't followed by a character (e.g., of the file or file system name) that might be taken as a parameter. For example, use ``--'' after +f and -f as in these examples.

	$ lsof +f -- /file/system/name
	$ lsof -f -- /file/name

The listing of information from kernel file structures, requested with the +f [cfgGn] option form, is normally inhibited, and is not available for some dialects - e.g., /proc-based Linux. When the prefix to f is a plus sign (`+'), these characters request file structure information:

	c	file structure use count
	f	file structure address
	g	file flag abbreviations
	G	file flags in hexadecimal
	n	file structure node address

When the prefix is minus (`-') the same characters disable the listing of the indicated values. File structure addresses, use counts, flags, and node addresses may be used to detect more readily identical files inherited by child processes and identical files in use by different processes. Lsof column output can be sorted by output columns holding the values and listed to identify identical file use, or lsof field output can be parsed by an AWK or Perl post-filter script, or by a C program.

-F f

This option specifies a character list, f , that selects the fields to be output for processing by another program, and the character that terminates each output field. Each field to be output is specified with a single character in f . The field terminator defaults to NL, but may be changed to NUL (000). See the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section for a description of the field identification characters and the field output process. When the field selection character list is empty, all standard fields are selected (except the raw device field and zone field for compatibility reasons) and the NL field terminator is used. When the field selection character list contains only a zero (`0'), all fields are selected (except the raw device field for compatibility reasons) and the NUL terminator character is used. Other combinations of fields and their associated field terminator character must be set with explicit entries in f , as described in the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section. When a field selection character identifies an item lsof does not normally list - e.g., PPID, selected with -R " -" specification of the field character - e.g., ``-FR'' - also selects the listing of the item. When the field selection character list contains the single character `?', lsof will display a help list of the field identification characters. (Escape the `?' character as your shell requires.)

-g [s]

This option excludes or selects the listing of files for the processes whose optional process group IDentification (PGID) numbers are in the comma-separated set s - e.g., ``123'' or ``123,^456''. (There should be no spaces in the set.) PGID numbers that begin with `^' (negation) represent exclusions. Multiple PGID numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection. However, PGID exclusions are applied without ORing or ANDing and take effect before other selection criteria are applied. The -g option also enables the output display of PGID numbers. When specified without a PGID set that's all it does.

-i [i]

This option selects the listing of files any of whose Internet address matches the address specified in i. If no address is specified, this option selects the listing of all Internet and x.25 (HP-UX) network files. If -i 4 or -i 6 is specified with no following address, only files of the indicated IP version, IPv4 or IPv6, are displayed. (An IPv6 specification may be used only if the dialects supports IPv6, as indicated by ``[46]'' and ``IPv[46]'' in lsof's -h or -? output.) Sequentially specifying -i 4, followed by -i 6 is the same as specifying -i , and vice-versa. Specifying -i 4, or -i 6 after -i is the same as specifying -i 4 or -i 6 by itself. Multiple addresses (up to a limit of 100) may be specified with multiple -i options. (A port number or service name range is counted as one address.) They are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection. An Internet address is specified in the form (Items in square brackets are optional.): [46][protocol][@hostname|hostaddr][:service|port] where:

	46 specifies the IP version, IPv4 or IPv6

		that applies to the following address.

		'6' may be be specified only if the UNIX

		dialect supports IPv6.  If neither '4' nor

		'6' is specified, the following address

		applies to all IP versions.

	protocol is a protocol name - TCP or UDP.

	hostname is an Internet host name.  Unless a

		specific IP version is specified, open

		network files associated with host names

		of all versions will be selected.

	hostaddr is a numeric Internet IPv4 address in

		dot form; or an IPv6 numeric address in

		colon form, enclosed in brackets, if the

		UNIX dialect supports IPv6.  When an IP

		version is selected, only its numeric

		addresses may be specified.

	service is an /etc/services name - e.g., smtp -
		or a list of them.

	port is a port number, or a list of them.

IPv6 options may be used only if the UNIX dialect supports IPv6. To see if the dialect supports IPv6, run lsof and specify the -h or -? (help) option. If the displayed description of the -i option contains ``[46]'' and ``IPv[46]'', IPv6 is supported. IPv4 host names and addresses may not be specified if network file selection is limited to IPv6 with -i " 6." IPv6 host names and addresses may not be specified if network file selection is limited to IPv4 with -i " 4." When an open IPv4 network file's address is mapped in an IPv6 address, the open file's type will be IPv6, not IPv4, and its display will be selected by '6', not '4'. At least one address component - 4, 6, protocol , ,IR hostname , hostaddr , or service - must be supplied. The `@' character, leading the host specification, is always required; as is the `:', leading the port specification. Specify either hostname or hostaddr . Specify either service name list or port number list. If a service name list is specified, the protocol may also need to be specified if the TCP and UDP port numbers for the service name are different. Use any case - lower or upper - for protocol . Service names and port numbers may be combined in a list whose entries are separated by commas and whose numeric range entries are separated by minus signs. There may be no embedded spaces, and all service names must belong to the specified protocol . Since service names may contain embedded minus signs, the starting entry of a range can't be a service name; it can be a port number, however. Here are some sample addresses:

	-i6 - IPv6 only

	TCP:25 - TCP and port 25

	@1.2.3.4 - Internet IPv4 host address 1.2.3.4

	@[3ffe:1ebc::1]:1234 - Internet IPv6 host address
		3ffe:1ebc::1, port 1234

	UDP:who - UDP who service port

	TCP@lsof.itap:513 - TCP, port 513 and host name lsof.itap

	tcp@foo:1-10,smtp,99 - TCP, ports 1 through 10,
		service name smtp, port 99, host name foo

	tcp@bar:1-smtp - TCP, ports 1 through smtp, host bar

	:time - either TCP or UDP time service port

-k k

This option specifies a kernel name list file, k , in place of /vmunix, /mach, etc. This option is not available under AIX on the IBM RISC/System 6000.

-l

This option inhibits the conversion of user ID numbers to login names. It is also useful when login name lookup is working improperly or slowly.

+|-L [l]

This option enables (`+') or disables (`-') the listing of file link counts, where they are available - e.g., they aren't available for sockets, or most FIFOs and pipes. When +L is specified without a following number, all link counts will be listed. When -L is specified (the default), no link counts will be listed. When +L is followed by a number, only files having a link count less than that number will be listed. (No number may follow -L .) A specification of the form ``+L1'' will select open files that have been unlinked. A specification of the form ``+aL1 <file_system>'' will select unlinked open files on the specified file system. For other link count comparisons, use field output (-F) and a post-processing script or program.

+|-m m

This option specifies an alternate kernel memory file or activates mount table supplement processing. The option form -m m specifies a kernel memory file, m , in place of /dev/kmem or /dev/mem - e.g., a crash dump file. The option form +m requests that a mount supplement file be written to the standard output file. All other options are silently ignored. There will be a line in the mount supplement file for each mounted file system, containing the mounted file system directory, followed by a single space, followed by the device number in hexadecimal "0x" format - e.g.,

	/ 0x801

Lsof can use the mount supplement file to get device numbers for file systems when it can't get them via stat(2) or lstat(2) . The option form +m m identifies m as a mount supplement file. Note: the +m and +m m options are not available for all supported dialects. Check the output of lsof's -h or -? options to see if the +m and +m m options are available.

+|-M

Enables (+) or disables (-) the reporting of portmapper registrations for local TCP and UDP ports. The default reporting mode is set by the lsof builder with the HASPMAPENABLED #define in the dialect's machine.h header file; lsof is distributed with the HASPMAPENABLED #define deactivated, so portmapper reporting is disabled by default and must be requested with +M . Specifying lsof's -h or -? option will report the default mode. Disabling portmapper registration when it is already disabled or enabling it when already enabled is acceptable. in a warning. When portmapper registration reporting is enabled, lsof displays the portmapper registration (if any) for local TCP or UDP ports in square brackets immediately following the port numbers or service names - e.g., ``:1234[name]'' or ``:name[100083]''. The registration information may be a name or number, depending on what the registering program supplied to the portmapper when it registered the port. When portmapper registration reporting is enabled, lsof may run a little more slowly or even become blocked when access to the portmapper becomes congested or stopped. Reverse the reporting mode to determine if portmapper registration reporting is slowing or blocking lsof . For purposes of portmapper registration reporting lsof considers a TCP or UDP port local if: it is found in the local part of its containing kernel structure; or if it is located in the foreign part of its containing kernel structure and the local and foreign Internet addresses are the same; or if it is located in the foreign part of its containing kernel structure and the foreign Internet address is INADDR_LOOPBACK (127.0.0.1). This rule may make lsof ignore some foreign ports on machines with multiple interfaces when the foreign Internet address is on a different interface from the local one. See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for further discussion of portmapper registration reporting issues.

-n

This option inhibits the conversion of network numbers to host names for network files. Inhibiting conversion may make lsof run faster. It is also useful when host name lookup is not working properly.

-N

This option selects the listing of NFS files.

-o

This option directs lsof to display file offset at all times. It causes the SIZE/OFF output column title to be changed to OFFSET. Note: on some UNIX dialects lsof can't obtain accurate or consistent file offset information from its kernel data sources, sometimes just for particular kinds of files (e.g., socket files.) Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information. The -o and -s options are mutually exclusive; they can't both be specified. When neither is specified, lsof displays whatever value - size or offset - is appropriate and available for the type of the file.

-o o

This option defines the number of decimal digits (o) to be printed after the ``0t'' for a file offset before the form is switched to ``0x...''. An o value of zero (unlimited) directs lsof to use the ``0t'' form for all offset output. This option does NOT direct lsof to display offset at all times; specify -o (without a trailing number) to do that. This option only specifies the number of digits after ``0t'' in either mixed size and offset or offset-only output. Thus, for example, to direct lsof to display offset at all times with a decimal digit count of 10, use:

	-o -o 10
or
	-oo10

The default number of digits allowed after ``0t'' is normally 8, but may have been changed by the lsof builder. Consult the description of the -o o option in the output of the -h or -? option to determine the default that is in effect.

-O

This option directs lsof to bypass the strategy it uses to avoid being blocked by some kernel operations - i.e., doing them in forked child processes. See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS and AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS sections for more information on kernel operations that may block lsof . While use of this option will reduce lsof startup overhead, it may also cause lsof to hang when the kernel doesn't respond to a function. Use this option cautiously.

-p s

This option excludes or selects the listing of files for the processes whose optional process IDentification (PID) numbers are in the comma-separated set s - e.g., ``123'' or ``123,^456''. (There should be no spaces in the set.) PID numbers that begin with `^' (negation) represent exclusions. Multiple process ID numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection. However, PID exclusions are applied without ORing or ANDing and take effect before other selection criteria are applied.

-P

This option inhibits the conversion of port numbers to port names for network files. Inhibiting the conversion may make lsof run a little faster. It is also useful when host name lookup is not working properly.

+|-r [t]

This option puts lsof in repeat mode. There lsof lists open files as selected by other options, delays t seconds (default fifteen), then repeats the listing, delaying and listing repetitively until stopped by a condition defined by the prefix to the option. If the prefix is a `-', repeat mode is endless. Lsof must be terminated with an interrupt or quit signal. If the prefix is `+', repeat mode will end the first cycle no open files are listed - and of course when lsof is stopped with an interrupt or quit signal. When repeat mode ends because no files are listed, the process exit code will be zero if any open files were ever listed; one, if none were ever listed. Lsof marks the end of each listing: if field output is in progress (the -F , option has been specified), the marker is `m'; otherwise the marker is ``========''. The marker is followed by a NL character. Repeat mode reduces lsof startup overhead, so it is more efficient to use this mode than to call lsof repetitively from a shell script, for example. To use repeat mode most efficiently, accompany +|-r with specification of other lsof selection options, so the amount of kernel memory access lsof does will be kept to a minimum. Options that filter at the process level - e.g., -c , -g , -p , -u - are the most efficient selectors. Repeat mode is useful when coupled with field output (see the -F , option description) and a supervising awk or Perl script, or a C program.

-R

This option directs lsof to list the Parent Process IDentification number in the PPID column.

-s

This option directs lsof to display file size at all times. It causes the SIZE/OFF output column title to be changed to SIZE. If the file does not have a size, nothing is displayed. The -o (without a following decimal digit count) and -s options are mutually exclusive; they can't both be specified. When neither is specified, lsof displays whatever value - size or offset - is appropriate and available for the type of file. Since some types of files don't have true sizes - sockets, FIFOs, pipes, etc. - lsof displays for their sizes the content amounts in their associated kernel buffers, if possible.

-S [t]

This option specifies an optional time-out seconds value for kernel functions - lstat(2) , readlink(2) , and stat(2) - that might otherwise deadlock. The minimum for t is two; the default, fifteen; when no value is specified, the default is used. See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS section for more information.

-T [t]

This option controls the reporting of some TCP/TPI information, also reported by netstat(1) , following the network addresses. In normal output the information appears in parentheses, each item except state identified by a keyword, followed by `=', separated from others by a single space:

	<TCP or TPI state name>
	QR=<read queue length>
	QS=<send queue length>
	SO=<socket options and values>
	SS=<socket states>
	TF=<TCP flags and values>
	WR=<window read length>
	WW=<window write length>

Not all values are reported for all UNIX dialects. Items values (when available) are reported after the item name and '='. When the field output mode is in effect (See "OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS" .) each item appears as a field with a `T' leading character. -T with no following key characters disables TCP/TPI information reporting. -T with following characters selects the reporting of specific TCP/TPI information:

	f	selects reporting of socket options,
		states and values, and TCP flags and
		values.
	q	selects queue length reporting.
	s	selects connection state reporting.
	w	selects window size reporting.

Not all selections are enabled for some UNIX dialects. State may be selected for all dialects and is reported by default. The -h or -? help output for the -T option will show what selections may be used with the UNIX dialect. When -T is used to select information - i.e., it is followed by one or more selection characters - the displaying of state is disabled by default, and it must be explicitly selected again in the characters following -T . (In effect, then, the default is equivalent to -Ts .) For example, if queue lengths and state are desired, use -Tqs . Socket options, socket states, some socket values, TCP flags and one TCP value may be reported (when available in the UNIX dialect) in the form of the names that commonly appear after SO_, so_, SS_, TCP_  and TF_ in the dialect's header files - most often <sys/socket.h>, <sys/socketvar.h> and <netinet/tcp_var.h>. Consult those header files for the meaning of the flags, options, states and values. ``SO='' precedes socket options and values; ``SS='', socket states; and ``TF='', TCP flags and values. If a flag or option has a value, the value will follow an '=' and the name -- e.g., ``SO=LINGER=5'', ``SO=QLIM=5'', ``TF=MSS=512''. The following seven values may be reported:

	Name
	Reported	Description (Common Symbol)

	KEEPALIVE	keep alive time (SO_KEEPALIVE)
	LINGER	linger time (SO_LINGER)
	MSS		maximum segment size (TCP_MAXSEG)
	PQLEN	partial listen queue connections
	QLEN		established listen queue connections
	QLIM		established listen queue limit
	RCVBUF	receive buffer length (SO_RCVBUF)
	SNDBUF	send buffer length (SO_SNDBUF)

Details on what socket options and values, socket states, and TCP flags and values may be displayed for particular UNIX dialects may be found in the answer to the ``Why doesn't lsof report socket options, socket states, and TCP flags and values for my dialect?'' and ``Why doesn't lsof report the partial listen queue connection count for my dialect?'' questions in the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)

-t

This option specifies that lsof should produce terse output with process identifiers only and no header - e.g., so that the output may be piped to kill(1) . This option selects the -w option.

-u s

This option selects the listing of files for the user whose login names or user ID numbers are in the comma-separated set s - e.g., ``abe'', or ``548,root''. (There should be no spaces in the set.) Multiple login names or user ID numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection. If a login name or user ID is preceded by a `^', it becomes a negation - i.e., files of processes owned by the login name or user ID will never be listed. A negated login name or user ID selection is neither ANDed nor ORed with other selections; it is applied before all other selections and absolutely excludes the listing of the files of the process. For example, to direct lsof to exclude the listing of files belonging to root processes, specify ``-u^root'' or ``-u^0''.

-U

This option selects the listing of UNIX domain socket files.

-v

This option selects the listing of lsof version information, including: revision number; when the lsof binary was constructed; who constructed the binary and where; the name of the compiler used to construct the lsof binary; the version number of the compiler when readily available; the compiler and loader flags used to construct the lsof binary; and system information, typically the output of uname 's -a option.

-V

This option directs lsof to indicate the items it was asked to list and failed to find - command names, file names, Internet addresses or files, login names, NFS files, PIDs, PGIDs, and UIDs. When other options are ANDed to search options, or compile-time options restrict the listing of some files, lsof may not report that it failed to find a search item when an ANDed option or compile-time option prevents the listing of the open file containing the located search item. For example, ``lsof -V -iTCP@foobar -a -d 999'' may not report a failure to locate open files at ``TCP@foobar'' and may not list any, if none have a file descriptor number of 999. A similar situation arises when HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY are defined at compile time and they prevent the listing of open files.

+|-w

Enables (+) or disables (-) the suppression of warning messages. The lsof builder may choose to have warning messages disabled or enabled by default. The default warning message state is indicated in the output of the -h or -? option. Disabling warning messages when they are already disabled or enabling them when already enabled is acceptable. The -t option selects the -w option.

-x [fl]

This option may accompany the +d and +D options to direct their processing to cross over symbolic links and|or file system mount points encountered when scanning the directory (+d) or directory tree (+D). If -x is specified by itself without a following parameter, cross-over processing of both symbolic links and file system mount points is enabled. Note that when -x is specified without a parameter, the next argument must begin with '-' or '+'. The optional 'f' parameter enables file system mount point cross-over processing; 'l', symbolic link cross-over processing. The -x option may not be supplied without also supplying a +d or +D option.

-X

This is a dialect-specific option. AIX:
This IBM AIX RISC/System 6000 option requests the reporting of executed text file and shared library references. WARNING: because this option uses the kernel readx() function, its use on a busy AIX system might cause an application process to hang so completely that it can neither be killed nor stopped. I have never seen this happen or had a report of its happening, but I think there is a remote possibility it could happen. By default use of readx() is disabled. On AIX 5L and above lsof may need setuid-root permission to perform the actions this option requests. The lsof builder may specify that the -X option be restricted to processes whose real UID is root. If that has been done, the -X option will not appear in the -h or -? help output unless the real UID of the lsof process is root. The default lsof distribution allows any UID to specify -X, so by default it will appear in the help output. When AIX readx() use is disabled, lsof may not be able to report information for all text and loader file references, but it may also avoid exacerbating an AIX kernel directory search kernel error, known as the Stale Segment ID bug. The readx() function, used by lsof or any other program to access some sections of kernel virtual memory, can trigger the Stale Segment ID bug. It can cause the kernel's dir_search() function to believe erroneously that part of an in-memory copy of a file system directory has been zeroed. Another application process, distinct from lsof , asking the kernel to search the directory - e.g., by using open "(2) -" can cause dir_search() to loop forever, thus hanging the application process. Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) and the 00README file of the lsof distribution for a more complete description of the Stale Segment ID bug, its APAR, and methods for defining readx() use when compiling lsof . Linux:
This Linux option requests that lsof skip the reporting of information on all open TCP and UDP IPv4 and IPv6 files. This Linux option is most useful when the system has an extremely large number of open TCP and UDP files, the processing of whose information in the /proc/net/tcp* and /proc/net/udp* files would take lsof a long time, and whose reporting is not of interest. Use this option with care and only when you are sure that the information you want lsof to display isn't associated with open TCP or UDP socket files.

-z [z]

specifies how Solaris 10 and higher zone information is to be handled. Without a following argument - e.g., NO z " -" the option specifies that zone names are to be listed in the ZONE output column. The -z option may be followed by a zone name, z . That causes lsof to list only open files for processes in that zone. Multiple -z z option and argument pairs may be specified to form a list of named zones. Any open file of any process in any of the zones will be listed, subject to other conditions specified by other options and arguments.

--

The double minus sign option is a marker that signals the end of the keyed options. It may be used, for example, when the first file name begins with a minus sign. It may also be used when the absence of a value for the last keyed option must be signified by the presence of a minus sign in the following option and before the start of the file names.

names

These are path names of specific files to list. Symbolic links are resolved before use. The first name may be separated from the preceding options with the ``--'' option. If a name is the mounted-on directory of a file system or the device of the file system, lsof will list all the files open on the file system. To be considered a file system, the name must match a mounted-on directory name in mount(8) output, or match the name of a block device associated with a mounted-on directory name. The +|-f option may be used to force lsof to consider a name a file system identifier (+f) or a simple file (-f). If name is a path to a directory that is not the mounted-on directory name of a file system, it is treated just as a regular file is treated - i.e., its listing is restricted to processes that have it open as a file or as a process-specific directory, such as the root or current working directory. To request that lsof look for open files inside a directory name, use the +d s and +D D options. If a name is the base name of a family of multiplexed files - e. g, AIX's /dev/pt[cs] " -" lsof will list all the associated multiplexed files on the device that are open - e.g., /dev/pt[cs]/1 , /dev/pt[cs]/2 , etc. If a name is a UNIX domain socket name, lsof will usually search for it by the characters of the name alone - exactly as it is specified and is recorded in the kernel socket structure. (See the next paragraph for an exception to that rule for Linux.) Specifying a relative path - e.g., ./file - in place of the file's absolute path - e.g., /tmp/file - won't work because lsof must match the characters you specify with what it finds in the kernel UNIX domain socket structures. If a name is a Linux UNIX domain socket name, in one case lsof is able to search for it by its device and inode number, allowing name to be a relative path. The case requires that the absolute path -- i.e., one beginning with a slash ('/') be used by the process that created the socket, and hence be stored in the /proc/net/unix file; and it requires that lsof be able to obtain the device and node numbers of both the absolute path in /proc/net/unix and name via successful stat(2) system calls. When those conditions are met, lsof will be able to search for the UNIX domain socket when some path to it is is specified in name . Thus, for example, if the path is /dev/log , and an lsof search is initiated when the working directory is /dev , then name could be ./log . If a name is none of the above, lsof will list any open files whose device and inode match that of the specified path name . If you have also specified the -b option, the only names you may safely specify are file systems for which your mount table supplies alternate device numbers. See the AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS and ALTERNATE DEVICE NUMBERS sections for more information. Multiple file names are joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

	AIX 4.1.4 (AFS 3.4a)
	HP-UX 9.0.5 (AFS 3.4a)
	Linux 1.2.13 (AFS 3.3)
	Solaris 2.[56] (AFS 3.4a)

COMMAND

contains the first nine characters of the name of the UNIX command associated with the process. If a non-zero w value is specified to the +c w option, the column contains the first w characters of the name of the UNIX command associated with the process up to the limit of characters supplied to lsof by the UNIX dialect. (See the description of the +c w command or the lsof FAQ for more information. The FAQ section gives its location.) If w is less than the length of the column title, ``COMMAND'', it will be raised to that length. If a zero w value is specified to the +c w option, the column contains all the characters of the name of the UNIX command associated with the process. All command name characters maintained by the kernel in its structures are displayed in field output when the command name descriptor (`c') is specified. See the OUTPUT FOR OTHER COMMANDS section for information on selecting field output and the associated command name descriptor.

PID

is the Process IDentification number of the process.

ZONE

is the Solaris 10 and higher zone name. This column must be selected with the -z option.

PPID

is the Parent Process IDentification number of the process. It is only displayed when the -R option has been specified.

PGID

is the process group IDentification number associated with the process. It is only displayed when the -g option has been specified.

USER

is the user ID number or login name of the user to whom the process belongs, usually the same as reported by ps(1) . However, on Linux USER is the user ID number or login that owns the directory in /proc where lsof finds information about the process. Usually that is the same value reported by ps(1) , but may differ when the process has changed its effective user ID. (See the -l option description for information on when a user ID number or login name is displayed.)

FD

is the File Descriptor number of the file or:

	cwd	current working directory;

	Lnn	library references (AIX);

	jld	jail directory (FreeBSD);

	ltx	shared library text (code and data);

	Mxx	hex memory-mapped type number xx.

	m86	DOS Merge mapped file;

	mem	memory-mapped file;

	mmap	memory-mapped device;

	pd	parent directory;

	rtd	root directory;

	tr	kernel trace file (OpenBSD);

	txt	program text (code and data);

	v86	VP/ix mapped file;

FD is followed by one of these characters, describing the mode under which the file is open: r for read access;
w for write access;
u for read and write access;
space if mode unknown and no lock
  character follows;
`-' if mode unknown and lock
  character follows. The mode character is followed by one of these lock characters, describing the type of lock applied to the file: N for a Solaris NFS lock of unknown type;
r for read lock on part of the file;
R for a read lock on the entire file;
w for a write lock on part of the file;
W for a write lock on the entire file;
u for a read and write lock of any length;
U for a lock of unknown type;
x for an SCO OpenServer Xenix lock on part of the file;
X for an SCO OpenServer Xenix lock on the entire file;
space if there is no lock. See the LOCKS section for more information on the lock information character. The FD column contents constitutes a single field for parsing in post-processing scripts.

TYPE

is the type of the node associated with the file - e.g., GDIR, GREG, VDIR, VREG, etc. or ``IPv4'' for an IPv4 socket; or ``IPv6'' for an open IPv6 network file - even if its address is IPv4, mapped in an IPv6 address; or ``ax25'' for a Linux AX.25 socket; or ``inet'' for an Internet domain socket; or ``lla'' for a HP-UX link level access file; or ``rte'' for an AF_ROUTE socket; or ``sock'' for a socket of unknown domain; or ``unix'' for a UNIX domain socket; or ``x.25'' for an HP-UX x.25 socket; or ``BLK'' for a block special file; or ``CHR'' for a character special file; or ``DEL'' for a Linux map file that has been deleted; or ``DIR'' for a directory; or ``DOOR'' for a VDOOR file; or ``FIFO'' for a FIFO special file; or ``KQUEUE'' for a BSD style kernel event queue file; or ``LINK'' for a symbolic link file; or ``MPB'' for a multiplexed block file; or ``MPC'' for a multiplexed character file; or ``NOFD'' for a Linux /proc/<PID>/fd directory that can't be opened -- the directory path appears in the NAME column, followed by an error message; or ``PAS'' for a /proc/as file; or ``PAXV'' for a /proc/auxv file; or ``PCRE'' for a /proc/cred file; or ``PCTL'' for a /proc control file; or ``PCUR'' for the current /proc process; or ``PCWD'' for a /proc current working directory; or ``PDIR'' for a /proc directory; or ``PETY'' for a /proc executable type (etype); or ``PFD'' for a /proc file descriptor; or ``PFDR'' for a /proc file descriptor directory; or ``PFIL'' for an executable /proc file; or ``PFPR'' for a /proc FP register set; or ``PGD'' for a /proc/pagedata file; or ``PGID'' for a /proc group notifier file; or ``PIPE'' for pipes; or ``PLC'' for a /proc/lwpctl file; or ``PLDR'' for a /proc/lpw directory; or ``PLDT'' for a /proc/ldt file; or ``PLPI'' for a /proc/lpsinfo file; or ``PLST'' for a /proc/lstatus file; or ``PLU'' for a /proc/lusage file; or ``PLWG'' for a /proc/gwindows file; or ``PLWI'' for a /proc/lwpsinfo file; or ``PLWS'' for a /proc/lwpstatus file; or ``PLWU'' for a /proc/lwpusage file; or ``PLWX'' for a /proc/xregs file' or ``PMAP'' for a /proc map file (map); or ``PMEM'' for a /proc memory image file; or ``PNTF'' for a /proc process notifier file; or ``POBJ'' for a /proc/object file; or ``PODR'' for a /proc/object directory; or ``POLP'' for an old format /proc light weight process file; or ``POPF'' for an old format /proc PID file; or ``POPG'' for an old format /proc page data file; or ``PORT'' for a SYSV named pipe; or ``PREG'' for a /proc register file; or ``PRMP'' for a /proc/rmap file; or ``PRTD'' for a /proc root directory; or ``PSGA'' for a /proc/sigact file; or ``PSIN'' for a /proc/psinfo file; or ``PSTA'' for a /proc status file; or ``PSXSEM'' for a POSIX semaphore file; or ``PSXSHM'' for a POSIX shared memory file; or ``PUSG'' for a /proc/usage file; or ``PW'' for a /proc/watch file; or ``PXMP'' for a /proc/xmap file; or ``REG'' for a regular file; or ``SMT'' for a shared memory transport file; or ``STSO'' for a stream socket; or ``UNNM'' for an unnamed type file; or ``XNAM'' for an OpenServer Xenix special file of unknown type; or ``XSEM'' for an OpenServer Xenix semaphore file; or ``XSD'' for an OpenServer Xenix shared data file.

FILE-ADDR

contains the kernel file structure address when f has been specified to +f ;

FCT

contains the file reference count from the kernel file structure when c has been specified to +f ;

FILE-FLAG

when g or G has been specified to +f , this field contains the contents of the f_flag[s] member of the kernel file structure and the kernel's per-process open file flags (if available); `G' causes them to be displayed in hexadecimal; `g', as short-hand names; two lists may be displayed with entries separated by commas, the lists separated by a semicolon (`;'); the first list may contain short-hand names for f_flag[s] values from the following table:

	AIO		asynchronous I/O (e.g., FAIO)
	AP		append
	ASYN		asynchronous I/O (e.g., FASYNC)
	BAS		block, test, and set in use
	BKIU		block if in use
	BL		use block offsets
	BSK		block seek
	CA		copy avoid
	CIO		concurrent I/O
	CLON		clone
	CLRD		CL read
	CR		create
	DF		defer
	DFI		defer IND
	DFLU		data flush
	DIR		direct
	DLY		delay
	DOCL		do clone
	DSYN		data-only integrity
	EVO		event only
	EX		open for exec
	EXCL		exclusive open
	FSYN		synchronous writes
	GCDF		defer during unp_gc() (AIX)
	GCMK		mark during unp_gc() (AIX)
	GTTY		accessed via /dev/tty
	HUP		HUP in progress
	KERN		kernel
	KIOC		kernel-issued ioctl
	LCK		has lock
	LG		large file
	MBLK		stream message block
	MK		mark
	MNT		mount
	MSYN		multiplex synchronization
	NB		non-blocking I/O
	NBDR		no BDRM check
	NBIO		SYSV non-blocking I/O
	NBF		n-buffering in effect
	NC		no cache
	ND		no delay
	NDSY		no data synchronization
	NET		network
	NMFS		NM file system
	NOTO		disable background stop
	NSH		no share
	NTTY		no controlling TTY
	OLRM		OLR mirror
	PAIO		POSIX asynchronous I/O
	PP		POSIX pipe
	R		read
	RC		file and record locking cache
	REV		revoked
	RSH		shared read
	RSYN		read synchronization
	SL		shared lock
	SNAP		cooked snapshot
	SOCK		socket
	SQSH		Sequent shared set on open
	SQSV		Sequent SVM set on open
	SQR		Sequent set repair on open
	SQS1		Sequent full shared open
	SQS2		Sequent partial shared open
	STPI		stop I/O
	SWR		synchronous read
	SYN		file integrity while writing
	TCPM		avoid TCP collision
	TR		truncate
	W		write
	WKUP		parallel I/O synchronization
	WTG		parallel I/O synchronization
	VH		vhangup pending
	VTXT		virtual text
	XL		exclusive lock

this list of names was derived from F* #define's in dialect header files <fcntl.h>, <linux</fs.h>, <sys/fcntl.c>, <sys/fcntlcom.h>, and <sys/file.h>; see the lsof.h header file for a list showing the correspondence between the above short-hand names and the header file definitions; the second list (after the semicolon) may contain short-hand names for kernel per-process open file flags from this table:

	ALLC		allocated
	BR		the file has been read
	BHUP		activity stopped by SIGHUP
	BW		the file has been written
	CLSG		closing
	CX		close-on-exec (see fcntl(F_SETFD))
	MP		memory-mapped
	LCK		lock was applied
	RSVW		reserved wait
	SHMT		UF_FSHMAT set (AIX)
	USE		in use (multi-threaded)

NODE-ID

(or INODE-ADDR for some dialects) contains a unique identifier for the file node (usually the kernel vnode or inode address, but also occasionally a concatenation of device and node number) when n has been specified to +f ;

DEVICE

contains the device numbers, separated by commas, for a character special, block special, regular, directory or NFS file; or ``memory'' for a memory file system node under Tru64 UNIX; or the address of the private data area of a Solaris socket stream; or a kernel reference address that identifies the file (The kernel reference address may be used for FIFO's, for example.); or the base address or device name of a Linux AX.25 socket device. Usually only the lower thirty two bits of Tru64 UNIX kernel addresses are displayed.

SIZE, SIZE/OFF, or OFFSET

is the size of the file or the file offset in bytes. A value is displayed in this column only if it is available. Lsof displays whatever value - size or offset - is appropriate for the type of the file and the version of lsof . On some UNIX dialects lsof can't obtain accurate or consistent file offset information from its kernel data sources, sometimes just for particular kinds of files (e.g., socket files.) In other cases, files don't have true sizes - e.g., sockets, FIFOs, pipes - so lsof displays for their sizes the content amounts it finds in their kernel buffer descriptors (e.g., socket buffer size counts or TCP/IP window sizes.) Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information. The file size is displayed in decimal; the offset is normally displayed in decimal with a leading ``0t'' if it contains 8 digits or less; in hexadecimal with a leading ``0x'' if it is longer than 8 digits. (Consult the -o o option description for information on when 8 might default to some other value.) Thus the leading ``0t'' and ``0x'' identify an offset when the column may contain both a size and an offset (i.e., its title is SIZE/OFF). If the -o option is specified, lsof always displays the file offset (or nothing if no offset is available) and labels the column OFFSET. The offset always begins with ``0t'' or ``0x'' as described above. The lsof user can control the switch from ``0t'' to ``0x'' with the -o o option. Consult its description for more information. If the -s option is specified, lsof always displays the file size (or nothing if no size is available) and labels the column SIZE. The -o and -s options are mutually exclusive; they can't both be specified. For files that don't have a fixed size - e.g., don't reside on a disk device - lsof will display appropriate information about the current size or position of the file if it is available in the kernel structures that define the file.

NLINK

contains the file link count when +L has been specified;

NODE

is the node number of a local file; or the inode number of an NFS file in the server host; or the Internet protocol type - e. g, ``TCP''; or ``STR'' for a stream; or ``CCITT'' for an HP-UX x.25 socket; or the IRQ or inode number of a Linux AX.25 socket device.

NAME

is the name of the mount point and file system on which the file resides; or the name of a file specified in the names option (after any symbolic links have been resolved); or the name of a character special or block special device; or the local and remote Internet addresses of a network file; the local host name or IP number is followed by a colon (':'), the port, ``->'', and the two-part remote address; IP addresses may be reported as numbers or names, depending on the +|-M , -n , and -P options; colon-separated IPv6 numbers are enclosed in square brackets; IPv4 INADDR_ANY and IPv6 IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED addresses, and zero port numbers are represented by an asterisk ('*'); a UDP destination address may be followed by the amount of time elapsed since the last packet was sent to the destination; TCP and UDP remote addresses may be followed by TCP/TPI information in parentheses - state (e.g., ``(ESTABLISHED)'', ``(Unbound)''), queue sizes, and window sizes (not all dialects) - in a fashion similar to what netstat(1) reports; see the -T option description or the description of the TCP/TPI field in OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS for more information on state, queue size, and window size; or the address or name of a UNIX domain socket, possibly including a stream clone device name, a file system object's path name, local and foreign kernel addresses, socket pair information, and a bound vnode address; or the local and remote mount point names of an NFS file; or ``STR'', followed by the stream name; or a stream character device name, followed by ``->'' and the stream name or a list of stream module names, separated by ``->''; or ``STR:'' followed by the SCO OpenServer stream device and module names, separated by ``->''; or system directory name, `` -- '', and as many components of the path name as lsof can find in the kernel's name cache for selected dialects (See the KERNEL NAME CACHE section for more information.); or ``PIPE->'', followed by a Solaris kernel pipe destination address; or ``COMMON:'', followed by the vnode device information structure's device name, for a Solaris common vnode; or the address family, followed by a slash (`/'), followed by fourteen comma-separated bytes of a non-Internet raw socket address; or the HP-UX x.25 local address, followed by the virtual connection number (if any), followed by the remote address (if any); or ``(dead)'' for disassociated Tru64 UNIX files - typically terminal files that have been flagged with the TIOCNOTTY ioctl and closed by daemons; or ``rd=<offset>'' and ``wr=<offset>'' for the values of the read and write offsets of a FIFO; or ``clone n:/dev/event'' for SCO OpenServer file clones of the /dev/event device, where n is the minor device number of the file; or ``(socketpair: n)'' for a Solaris 2.6, 8, 9  or 10 UNIX domain socket, created by the socketpair (3N) network function; or ``no PCB'' for socket files that do not have a protocol block associated with them, optionally followed by ``, CANTSENDMORE'' if sending on the socket has been disabled, or ``, CANTRCVMORE'' if receiving on the socket has been disabled (e.g., by the shutdown(2) function); or the local and remote addresses of a Linux IPX socket file in the form <net>:[<node>:]<port>, followed in parentheses by the transmit and receive queue sizes, and the connection state; or ``dgram'' or ``stream'' for the type UnixWare 7.1.1 and above in-kernel UNIX domain sockets, followed by a colon (':') and the local path name when available, followed by ``->'' and the remote path name or kernel socket address in hexadecimal when available.

For dialects that support a ``namefs'' file system, allowing one file to be attached to another with fattach (3C), lsof will add ``(FA:<address1><direction><address2>)'' to the NAME column. <address1> and <address2> are hexadecimal vnode addresses. <direction> will be ``<-'' if <address2> has been fattach'ed to this vnode whose address is <address1>; and ``->'' if <address1>, the vnode address of this vnode, has been fattach'ed to <address2>. <address1> may be omitted if it already appears in the DEVICE column.

	a	file access mode
	c	process command name (all characters from proc or
		user structure)
	C	file structure share count
	d	file's device character code 
	D	file's major/minor device number (0x<hexadecimal>)
	f	file descriptor
	F	file structure address (0x<hexadecimal>)
	G	file flaGs (0x<hexadecimal>; names if +fg follows)
	i	file's inode number
	k	link count
	l	file's lock status
	L	process login name
	m	marker between repeated output
	n	file name, comment, Internet address
	N	node identifier (ox<hexadecimal>
	o	file's offset (decimal)
	p	process ID (always selected)
	g	process group ID
	P	protocol name
	r	raw device number (0x<hexadecimal>)
	R	parent process ID
	s	file's size (decimal)
	S	file's stream identification
	t	file's type
	T	TCP/TPI information, identified by prefixes (the
		`=' is part of the prefix):
		    QR=<read queue size>
		    QS=<send queue size>
		    SO=<socket options and values> (not all dialects)
		    SS=<socket states> (not all dialects)
		    ST=<connection state>
		    TF=<TCP flags and values> (not all dialects)
		    WR=<window read size>  (not all dialects)
		    WW=<window write size>  (not all dialects)
		(TCP/TPI information isn't reported for all supported
		  UNIX dialects. The -h or -? help output for the
		  -T option will show what TCP/TPI reporting can be
		  requested.)
	u	process user ID
	z	Solaris 10 and higher zone name
	0	use NUL field terminator character in place of NL
	1-9	dialect-specific field identifiers (The output
		of -F? identifies the information to be found
		in dialect-specific fields.)

	nfs  ignore,noquota,dev=2a40001

	BSDI BSD/OS
	FreeBSD
	HP-UX
	Linux
	NetBSD
	NEXTSTEP
	OpenBSD
	OPENSTEP
	SCO OpenServer
	SCO|Caldera UnixWare
	Solaris
	Tru64 UNIX

	AIX

	Path from the -D option;
	Path from an environment variable;
	System-wide path;
	Personal path (the default);
	Personal path, modified by an environment variable.

	HP-UX 11.11 and 11.23
	Linux

	AIX 5.[123]
	Apple Darwin 7.x Power Macintosh systems
	BSDI BSD/OS 4.3.1 for x86-based systems
	FreeBSD 4.x, 4.1x, 5.x and [67].x for x86-based systems
	FreeBSD 5.x and [67].x for Alpha, AMD64 and Sparc64-based
	    systems
	HP-UX 11.00 
	NetBSD 1.[456], 2.x and 3.x for Alpha, x86, and SPARC-based
	    systems
	NEXTSTEP 3.[13] for NEXTSTEP architectures
	OpenBSD 2.[89] and 3.[01234567] for x86-based systems
	OPENSTEP 4.x
	SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6 for x86-based systems
	SCO|Caldera UnixWare 7.1.4 for x86-based systems
	Solaris 2.6, 8, 9 and 10
	Tru64 UNIX 5.1

	Linux

	/Homes/abe/LSOF/.lsof_vic

	Inaccessible /dev warnings are enabled.

	Inaccessible /dev warnings are disabled.

LANG

defines a language locale. See setlocale(3) for the names of other variables that can be used in place of LANG - e.g., LC_ALL, LC_TYPE, etc.

LSOFDEVCACHE

defines the path to a device cache file. See the DEVICE CACHE PATH FROM AN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE section for more information.

LSOFPERSDCPATH

defines the middle component of a modified personal device cache file path. See the MODIFIED PERSONAL DEVICE CACHE PATH section for more information.

/dev/kmem

kernel virtual memory device

/dev/mem

physical memory device

/dev/swap

system paging device

.lsof_hostname

lsof's device cache file (The suffix, hostname , is the first component of the host's name returned by gethostname(2) .)