• NAME
  
  ls - list directory contents
• SYNOPSIS
  
  ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
• DESCRIPTION
  
  
  
  List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
  
  Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

  -a, --all

  do not ignore entries starting with .

  -A, --almost-all

  do not list implied . and ..

  --author

  with -l, print the author of each file

  -b, --escape

  print octal escapes for nongraphic characters

  --block-size=SIZE

  use SIZE-byte blocks

  -B, --ignore-backups

  do not list implied entries ending with ~

  -c

  with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime

  -C

  list entries by columns

  --color[=WHEN]

  control whether color is used to distinguish file types.  WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'

  -d, --directory

  list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links

  -D, --dired

  generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

  -f

  do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

  -F, --classify

  append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

  --file-type

  likewise, except do not append `*'

  --format=WORD

  across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

  --full-time

  like -l --time-style=full-iso

  -g

  like -l, but do not list owner

  --group-directories-first

  group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping

  -G, --no-group

  in a long listing, don't print group names

  -h, --human-readable

  with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

  --si

  likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

  -H, --dereference-command-line

  follow symbolic links listed on the command line

  --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir

  follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory

  --hide=PATTERN

  do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)

  --indicator-style=WORD

  append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

  -i, --inode

  print the index number of each file

  -I, --ignore=PATTERN

  do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

  -k

  like --block-size=1K

  -l

  use a long listing format

  -L, --dereference

  when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself

  -m

  fill width with a comma separated list of entries

  -n, --numeric-uid-gid

  like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

  -N, --literal

  print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)

  -o

  like -l, but do not list group information

  -p, --indicator-style=slash

  append / indicator to directories

  -q, --hide-control-chars

  print ? instead of non graphic characters

  --show-control-chars

  show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)

  -Q, --quote-name

  enclose entry names in double quotes

  --quoting-style=WORD

  use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape

  -r, --reverse

  reverse order while sorting

  -R, --recursive

  list subdirectories recursively

  -s, --size

  print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

  -S

  sort by file size

  --sort=WORD

  sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v

  --time=WORD

  with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time

  --time-style=STYLE

  with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

  -t

  sort by modification time

  -T, --tabsize=COLS

  assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

  -u

  with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time

  -U

  do not sort; list entries in directory order

  -v

  sort by version

  -w, --width=COLS

  assume screen width instead of current value

  -x

  list entries by lines instead of by columns

  -X

  sort alphabetically by entry extension

  -1

  list one file per line
  
  SELinux options:

  --lcontext

  Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most displays.

  -Z, --context

  Display security context so it fits on most displays.  Displays only mode, user, group, security context and file name.

  --scontext

  Display only security context and file name.

  --help

  display this help and exit

  --version

  output version information and exit
  
  SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
  
  By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files.  That is equivalent to using --color=none.  Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always.  With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty).  The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command. "Exit status:"

  0

  if OK,

  1

  if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

  2

  if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

• AUTHOR
  
  Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
• REPORTING BUGS
  
  Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
  GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
  General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
• COPYRIGHT
  
  Copyright © 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
  This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
• SEE ALSO
  
  The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the command info coreutils (aqls invocation(aq
  
  should give you access to the complete manual.

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